SOME COMMON TOXIC PRINCIPLES & THEIR TREATMENT

SR.NO.	TOXIC PRINCIPLE	TYPE	TREATMENT
1	Arsenic	Metal	BAL (Dimercaprol, British Anti- Lewisite : Warfare agent) inj. @ 4-5 mg/ kg IM tid for 3 days, Thiooctic acid ( Lipoic acid ) @ 50 mg/kg as 20 % solution IM tid, Mineral oil orally, Gastric lavage, Demulcents LA 3 mg/kg SC/IM, SA 2.5-5 mg/kg SC/IM
2	Mercury ( Minamata disease 1953-1960 & Nigata disease 1964- 1965 in small towns of JAPAN )	Metal	BAL ( Dimercaprol, British Anti- Lewisite ) inj. @ 4-5 mg/ kg IM Tid for 3 days, D- Penicillimase 15-20 mg/kg orally, Thiooctic acid ( Lipoic acid ) @ 50 mg/kg as 20 % solution IM tid, Mineral oil orally, Gastric lavage, Demulcents LA 3 mg/kg SC/IM, SA 2.5-5 mg/kg SC/IM
3	Copper ( Deep GREEN colour diarrhoea ) ( Haemolytic crisis in Ruminants only because they store Cu in RBC & Liver )	Metal	BAL ( British Anti- Lewisite ) inj. @ 4-5 mg/ kg IM tid for 3 days, Vit. C ( Ascorbic acid ), Daily feeding of Ammonium molybdate@ 50-500 mg & Sodium sulphate @ 250-1000 mg /animal for 3-6 weeks.
4	Lead	Metal	Cal- Na₂ EDTA 110 mg/kg/day IV & repeat after 2 days, BAL inj. 2-3 mg/kg IM, Thiamine 2-4 mg/kg/day IM, D- Penicillimase 110 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks , Calciumphosphogluconate @ 250-500 ml IV
5	Cadmium (Itai-Itai disease or Ouch-Ouch disease)	Metal	Calcium sodium EDTA as chelating agent.
6	Molybdenum ( also called as Molybdenosis, Peat scour, Teart disease, Spectacle disease, Pacing disease, Enzootic ataxia, Sway back disease ) ( Ideal ratio of Cu : Mb in ration is 6 : 1 but toxic if less than 2 : 1 )	Metal	For scouring 1 gm CuSO₄ /day in calves, 2 gm CuSO₄ /day in adults cattle.


7	Selenium (Subacute : Blind stagger, Chronic : Alkali disease, Sloughing of hooves,shedding of tail hairs called as BOB or CIGAR TAIL ) ( Sources : A)Obligate Se accumulator or Se indicator or Se convertor plants : They need Se for growth , Se content high as 10000 ppm, Ex. Astragalous, Onopsis, Stanleya, Xylorrhiza spp. Facultative Se accumulator : Do not require for growth but store as 100 ppm, Ex. Aster, Astriplex,Castillega spp. Passive Se accumulator : all plant growing in Se rich areas accumulate Se upto 25 ppm.	Metal	No specific Antidote. Acute : Saline purgatives, Treatment of pulmonary oedema & shock, removal of cause. Subacute & chronic : Sodium arsenite 5 % or 2.5 % Sodium arsenate in water. Precautions : BAL is not used because it increases enal damages. Vit. E should not be given because it has synergistic with Selenium.
8	Iron	Metal	Deferoxamine. Adrenaline, antihistaminics Dogs desferrioxamine 1-2 gm IM, Orally milk of magnesia, large oral dose of Vit. C (Ascorbic acid )
9	Fluoride Chronic fluorosis has two types Dental fluorosis causes chalkiness or Mottling (black, yellow, green brown spots on teeth ) Skeletal fluorosis / Osteofluorsis it causes Exostoses	Non-Metal	Aluminium sulphate, & calcium carbonate @ 30 gm/ animals orally, dietery supplementation of calcium, phosphorous, Vit. D.

10	Nitrate & Nitrite	Non-Metal	Methylene blue 15 slow IV in isotonic saline Cattle & sheep 10 mg/kg & other species 5 mg /kg
11	Oxalates	Non-Metal	25% Dicalcium phosphate orally in salt ration
12	Salt ( Hypernatremia : Excessive thirst due to stimulation of Osmoreceptors )	Non-Metal	Fluid therapy, Sedative.
13	Urea (Alkalies )	Non-Metal	5% Acetic acid ( Vinegar ) orally, Demulcents, Analgesic,sedative to quieten the animal
14	Carbamate containing pesticide ex. Carbaryl, Propoxur	Insecticides	Atropine 0.2-0.5 mg/kg for Cattle 0.2-2 mg/kg for Dog in physiological saline (1/4th dose is given as IV, rest as SC/IM), Diuretics.
15	Organochlorine insecticides Chlorinated hyrocarbons/ Insecticides/ Pesticides, Ex. DDT, Aldrin, Lindane, Endosulfan, Dicofol	Insecticides	Babiturate, Saline purgatives, Gastric lavage, Activated charcoal ( 2kg stat ; 1 kg daily for 2 weeks)
16	Organophosphorous compounds like, insecticide, Pesticides, Ex. Malathion, Parathion, Coumphos, Dichlorvos, DFP.	Insecticides	2-PAM (Cholinesterase reactivator) Atropinte sulphate in double dose Cattle @ 0.50 mg/kg , Sheep , Goat 2 mg/kg, Dog 0.4-4 mg/kg, Pralidoxime 1 gm/kg , Supportive therapy like Emetics, Respiratory stimulants, Sedatives.
17	Warfarin	Rodenticides	Vit. K LA @ 0.5-1 mg/kg IM SA @ 5 mg/kg IV, Sedative & tranquilizers, Blood transfusion @ 20 mg/kg.
18	Phosphorous ( Yellow & White : Toxic, Red : Non-toxic )	Rodenticides	Gastric lavage with KMNO₄ 0.01 % or 0.5% CuSO₄, Saline purgative.
19	HCN Poisoning ( Cynide containing plants Ex. Sorfum vulgar’s JOWAR. young shoots contain DHURRIN )	Plants	Sodium nitrite 5 mg/kg as slow IV, Sodium thiosulphate 600 mg/kg as slow IV, ( 20% Solution 40-80 ml )


20	Bracken fern ( Pteridium aquilinium ) (Toxic principle : Thiaminase , ptaquiloside : Carcinogenic glycoside & Aplastic anaemia factor )	Plants	Most effective is blood transfusion 0.4 L in young animals, 1-4 L in adult animal with 3% Sodium citrate followed by second transfusion of half of above quantity. DL Batyl alcohol ( Erythopoietic bone marrow stimulant) 2gm IV/SC for 4 to 5 days, Thiamine LA 100 mg-1gm IV/IM, SA 5-10 mg/kg IV/IM, Toluidine blue ( 1 gm/ litre of serum ) @ 1-2 litre/day IV Slow, 1% Sodium chloride ( 100 ml ) by slow IV.
21	Sweet clover or dicumorol	Plants	Vit. K LA @ 0.5-1 mg/kg IM SA @ 5 mg/kg IV, Sedative & tranquilizers, Blood transfusion @ 20 mg/kg.
22	Coal tar	Dust	Removal of cause, Gastric lavage.
23	Acids		2% sodium bicarbonate orally, Demulcents, Analgesic,sedative to quieten the animal
24	Atropine	Drug	Gastric lavage with KMNO₄ _, Activated charcoal, Emetics, Neostigmine, Saline purgative.